Plastics can be classified by chemical structure, namely the molecular units that make up the polymer's backbone andside chain. Some important groups in these classifications are the acrylics, polyesters, silicones, polyurethanes, and halogenated plastics. Plastics can also be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis, such ascondensation, polyaddition, and cross-linking.
Other classifications are based on qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design. Examples of such classes are the thermoplastic and thermoset, elastomer, structural, biodegradable, and electrically conductive. Plastics can also be classified by various physical properties, such as density, tensile strength, glass transition temperature, and resistance to various chemical products.
Due to their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water, plastics are used in an enormous and expanding range of products, from paper clips to spaceships. They have already displaced many traditional materials, such as wood, stone, horn and bone, leather, paper, metal, glass, and ceramic, in most of their former uses.
The use of plastics is constrained chiefly by their organic chemistry, which seriously limits their properties, such as hardness, density, and resistance to heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt or decompose when heated to a few hundred degrees celsius.
While plastics can be made electrically conductive, with the conductivity of up to 80 kS/cm in stretch-oriented polyacetylene, they are still no match for most metals like copper which have conductivities of several hundreds kS/cm. Plastics are still too expensive to replace wood, concrete and ceramic in bulky items like ordinary buildings, bridges, dams, pavement, and railroad ties.
Chemical Structure
Common thermoplastics range from 20,000 to 500,000 amu, while thermosets are assumed to have infinite molecular weight. These chains are made up of many repeating molecular units, known as repeat units, derived from monomers; each polymer chain will have several thousand repeating units. The vast majority of plastics are composed of polymers of carbon and hydrogen alone or with oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine or sulfur in the backbone. Some of commercial interests are silicon based. The backbone is that part of the chain on the main "path" linking a large number of repeat units together. To customize the properties of a plastic, different molecular groups "hang" from the backbone (usually they are "hung" as part of the monomers before linking monomers together to form the polymer chain). This fine tuning of the properties of the polymer by repeating unit's molecular structure has allowed plastics to become an indispensable part of twenty first-century world.
Some plastics are partially crystalline and partially amorphous in molecular structure, giving them both a melting point (the temperature at which the attractive intermolecular forces are overcome) and one or more glass transitions (temperatures above which the extent of localized molecular flexibility is substantially increased). The so-called semi-crystalline plastics include polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (vinyl chloride), polyamides (nylons), polyesters and some polyurethanes. Many plastics are completely amorphous, such as polystyrene and its copolymers, poly (methyl methacrylate), and all thermosets.
Plastics Types
|
Amorphous |
Semi-crystalline |
| Ultra polymers |
SRP, TPI, PAI, High-temperature sulfone|HTS |
PFSA, PEEK |
| High performance polymers |
PPSU, PEI, PESU, PSU |
Fluoropolymers: LCP, Polyarylamide|PARA, HPN, PPS,PPA |
| Other polyamides |
| Mid range polymers |
PC, PPC, COC, PMMA, ABS, PVC Alloys |
PEX, PVDC, PBT, PET, POM, PA 6,6, UHMWPE |
| Commodity polymers |
PS, PVC |
PP, HDPE, LDPE |
- ABS Plastic
- Acetal Plastic
- Acrylic Plastic
- CA Plastic
- CAB Plastic
- Cellulosic Plastic
- EPS Plastic
- EVA Plastic
- Fluoropolymers
- GPPS Plastic
- HDPE Plastic
- HIPS Plastic
- LCP Plastic
- LDPE Plastic
- LLDPE Plastic
- Misc. Plastic
- Nylon Plastic
- OPP Plastic
- OPS Plastic
- PB Plastic
- PBT Plastic
- PC Plastic
- PC-ABS Plastic
- PE Plastic
- PEEK Plastic
- PEI Plastic
- PET Plastic
- PETG Plastic
- Polyester Plastic
- Polyketone Plastic
- Polysulfone Plastic
- PP Plastic
- PVDF Plastic
- PPE Plastic
- PPS Plastic
- PS Plastic
- PTFE Plastic
- PVC Plastic
- SAN Plastic
- TPE Plastic
- TPO Plastic
- TPU Plastic
|
